Metallic elements generally lie to the left in the table and typically form ionic compounds. The periodic table, which is shown in Figure 1, has proved to be the single most unifying concept of chemistry, for it summarizes a wealth of properties. Thus, oxygen and sulfur (S), both of which have a typical valence of 2, were put into the same family, and nitrogen and phosphorus (P), with a typical valence of 3, were put into a neighbouring family. The pattern of valence and the type of bonding- ionic or covalent-characteristic of the elements were crucial components of the evidence used by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev to compile the periodic table, in which the chemical elements are arranged in a manner that shows family resemblances.
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